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		<title>مدرسة ميت راضى الثانوية المشتركة</title>
		<link>http://meetrady.ucoz.com/</link>
		<description>مدونة</description>
		<lastBuildDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2010 16:28:14 GMT</lastBuildDate>
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			<title>نشأة علم الاجتماع</title>
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AL-Hosam;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;*
أنواع الوجود : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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الوجود الذى نعيشه يتكون من ثلاثة مكونات هي :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;-
الوجود المادي &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يتمثل في الأرض .. والطقس ..
والمياه . من العلوم التي تختص بدراسته علم الجيولوجيا &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;-
الوجود العضوي :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يتمثل في النباتات .. والحيوانات .. والحشرات والكائنات الدقيقة
من العلوم التي تختص بدراسته علم الأحياء وعلم التشريح وعلم وظائف الأعضاء . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;-
الوجود الاجتماعي :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يتمثل في
البشر وما يصدر عنهم من أفعال وممارسات وعلاقات والعلوم التي تختص بدراسته علم
الاجتماع والنفس و الاقتصاد والانثروبولوجيا .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** تعريف علم الاجتماع :ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;هو
العلم الذي يهتم بدراسة المجتمع دراسة علمية من اجل التعرف على القوانين الحاكمة
لنظامه وتغيره ومشكلاته.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** ويتضح من هذا التعريف : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;أن
علم الاجتماع مثل العلوم الطبيعية يستخدم المنهج العلمي القائم على المشاهدة والتجربة
.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 37.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;أن
الهدف من الدراسة العلمية للمجتمع هو التعرف على القوانين التى تفسر للمجتمع .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يمكن تصنيف القواعد
والقوانين إلى ثلاثة أنواع : ـ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;* قوانين
الثبات أو النظام .* قوانين الحركة أو التغير .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;* القوانين
التي تدرس ما يطرأ على المجتمع من مشكلات اجتماعية للمساعدة في حلها وتقديم طرق
الوقاية .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h5 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;ملحوظة : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;*
القوانين التي يتوصل إليها علم الاجتماع ليست قوانين نهائية أو مطلقة ولكنها نسبية
لأن المجتمع دائم التغير ، لذلك تختلف عن القوانين في العلوم الطبيعية التي تتسم
بالثبات .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;مثال : ـ الاسرة ،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;وهى نوعان : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* اسرة نووية : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;هى اسرةصغيرة الحجم
عبارة عن زوج زوجة وابناء &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* اسرة ممتدة : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;هى اسرة كبيرة الحجم
عبارة عن اجيال مختلفة مثل بيت العائلة &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;والاسرة
تتميز بالثبات والاستقرار ولكن فى بعض الاحيان تميل الاسر الممتدة لكى تصبح اسر
نووية ( التغير ) والاسرة عامة قد تعانى من مشكلات كأنحراف احد ابنائها او الطلاق
... الخ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;**
س - حدد العلاقة بين علم الاجتماع والنظرة الكلية للمجتمع ؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;ج - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;عندما يبحث عالم الاجتماع في شئون المجتمع
فإنه يعتمد علي النظرة الكلية للمجتمع للتوصل إلى القوانين التي تحكم مساره&amp;nbsp;
ككل ..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.9pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;- ويمكن أن ينظر عالم الاجتماع للمجتمع نظرة
جزئية فيتوصل إلى القوانين التي تحكم مسار كل وحدة من وحداته الجزئية علي حدي (
كالأسرة أو المصنع ) . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h6 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AL-Hosam;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* نشأة علم الاجتماع : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h6&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;*
إن ما نعيشه اليوم من إنجازات في سائر مجالات المعرفة البشرية يعد نتاجا لإسهامات
الجنس البشرى جمعيا في سائر عهوده وفى مختلف بقاع الأرض .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;*
وهنا سنعرض لأهم الإسهامات في مجال التفكير الاجتماعي حتى ظهر علم الاجتماع كعلم
دقيق له منهج علمي دقيق .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoHeading7&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AL-Hosam;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** أولا : ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;إسهامات الفكر الشرقي القديم : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;**
ترجع الجذور التاريخية للفكر الاجتماعي للحضارات الشرقية القديمة ( مصر – الهند –
الصين – الفرس – بلاد الرافدين ) والتي اتسمت أفكارها بالطابع الديني .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoHeading8&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** أهم إسهامات الحضارة المصرية
القديمة : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;*
احتل النظام الأسرى وضعا هاما في كتاباتهم .لأن الاسرة اساس المجتمع . &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;*
احتلت طبقات المجتمع قدرا من تفكيرهم خاصة الصراع الطبقي بين قادة الشعوب والجنود
المرتزقة &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;* وضعت الأسس والقواعد
التي يجب أن يقوم عليها السلوك الإنساني القويم مثل عدم الاعتداء على ملكية الغير
واحترام الكبير والعمل على إسعاد الآخرين والإخلاص في العمل وحب الناس والتعاون&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* ثانيا : ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;الفلسفة
اليونانية القديمة : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;**
كان لفلاسفة اليونان القدماء دور كبير في نشأة وتطور علم الاجتماع خاصة&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;مثل ( سقراط – أفلاطون – أر سطو ) ،&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AL-Hosam;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;**&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;ومن أهم الأفكار الاجتماعية في الفكر اليوناني القديم&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;:ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;تأكيد
مبدأ التغير الاجتماعي في الحياة الاجتماعية ، فالمجتمع دائم التغير ، فهو أشبه
بالنهر المتدفق الذي تتغير مياهه باستمرار .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;التأكيد
على أن المجتمع يحقق الفضيلة الكاملة عندما يحقق المثل العليا&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;مثل الترابط والتعاون وتقسيم العمل وإخضاع
الحكم لمبادئ العقل .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.25pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يقوم
المجتمع على الترابط العضوي بين مكوناته .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;يقوم المجتمع على علاقة وثيقة بين الفرد والمجتمع
ولابد من الحفاظ على التوازن بينهما لكي يتحقق للمجتمع الاستقرار &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://meetrady.ucoz.com/blog/2010-07-07-2</link>
			<category>علم الاجتماع</category>
			<dc:creator>عبدالحليم</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://meetrady.ucoz.com/blog/2010-07-07-2</guid>
			<pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2010 16:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
		</item>
		<item>
			<title>الفصل الأول ( نشأة وتعريف علم النفس )</title>
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&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AL-Hosam;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;تعريفه : ـ &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;
الهدف القريب لعلم النفس&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&quot; : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;هو ( العلم الذي يهتم بدراسة
السلوك&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; ردا على مختلف المنبهات ) بهدف التفسير والتنبؤ
والتحكم فيه وفق قواعد محددة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h6 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* الهدف البعيد من دراسة علم النفس للسلوك &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;: ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h6&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;*
ويهدف علم النفس للتوصل للقوانين السلوكية التي تساعد على فهم الظاهرة السلوكية
للإنسان في المواقف المختلفة ومحاولة تفسيرها والتنبؤ بمدى حدوثها في المستقبل
والتحكم فيها وفق درجة من الاحتمالية .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;* &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;علم النفس
الحيوانى&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;
أحد فروع علم النفس التى توفر كثير من الحقائق والقوانيين التى &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;يمكن الاستفادة منها &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;في :ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&quot; &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;**&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;أساليب العلاج السلوكى والتأهيل النفسي -** &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;وأساليب اختيار الأفراد للأعمال المختلفة -** &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;وبرامج
وطرق التعلم &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h6 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** السلوك : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h6&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;هو
الاستجابة الكلية التي تصدر عن الفرد في المواقف المختلفة ردا على مختلف المنبهات &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;مثال : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;صوت
الجرس &quot; مثير &quot;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;فتح الباب &quot;
استجابة &quot; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;الرغبة في المعرفة والتعلم والمتعة &quot;
منبه &quot; &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; القراءة &quot; استجابة &quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;( جرس التليفون
)&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;( منبه )&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;الرد على التليفون&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;( الاستجابة&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoHeading8&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;ملحوظة : ـ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2 dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;يهتم
علم النفس بدراسة السلوك في صورته الكلية مثل &quot; الكلام – ارتداء الملابس&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;- الحركة 000&quot; أما دراسة الاستجابات
الجزئية فيهتم بها علم وظائف الأعضاء مثل &quot; إفرازات الغدد – حركة عضو معين
.....&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoHeading9&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* خصائص الاستجابة الإنسانية : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;ليست ميكانيكية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;فهي لا تشبه
الضغط على زر الإضاءة فيضاء المصباح بالضرورة &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;ليست كالاستجابة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
الفيزيائية الطبيعية &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;حيث تأتى دائما الاستجابة الطبيعية مساوية للمنبه في القوة ومضادة له في
الاتجاه مهما تكررت&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;، مثل: ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;( دفع الكرة &quot; مثير &quot; في الحائط بقوة
معينة يكون رد الفعل بنفس القوة &quot; الاستجابة &quot; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;الاستجابة الإنسانية مرنة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;نتيجة لتوسط
الكائن الحي بينها وبين المنبه ، كما يلي : ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:line id=&quot;_x0000_s1028&quot; style=&apos;position:absolute;
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&lt;/v:line&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 0px; margin-left: 383px; margin-top: 20px; width: 63px; height: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; z-index: 2; left: 0px; margin-left: 190px; margin-top: 19px; width: 63px; height: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;منبه&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;كائن حي&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoHeading7&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** وهنا مهمة
الكائن الحى تفسير المنبهات فى ضوء عدة عوامل هى &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;: ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;page-break-before: auto;&quot; clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;حالة الكائن الحي الداخلية .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;صفات الكائن الحي .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;الموقف الذي يحدث فيه المنبه .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;نوع الخبرة السابقة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;page-break-before: always;&quot; clear=&quot;all&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoHeading8&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;لذلك فان استجابة الإنسان
تختلف من فرد إلى آخر وعند الفرد نفسه من وقت لآخر&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;مثال : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;* عندما تسمع نكتة فقد تضحك منها ، وفى وقت
آخر قد لا تضحك .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* أنواع
المنبهات : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** المنبهات ليست خارجية فقط&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;وإنما نوعين هما : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;منبهات داخلية
 : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;هي التي تنبع من داخل
 الفرد وتجعلنا نصدر الاستجابات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; ،&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;مثل: ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
 &lt;/span&gt;( انفعال الخوف )&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;الذي يجعلنا نهرب من
 الخطر &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;، ( انفعال الحب )&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;الذي يجعلنا نتقرب من
 شخص ما ونفعل كل ما يرضيه الشعور بالجوع الذي يدفعنا إلى البحث عن الطعام
 وتناوله &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;، وكذلك التفكير – الأحلام –
 التذكر .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;منبهات خارجية
 : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;هي التي توجد في البيئة الطبيعية والاجتماعية ،
مثل: ـ تجنب طريق وعر أثناء السير ، أو رد التحية لمن يحيينا .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;* ملحوظة : ـ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;رغم
أن السلوك الإنساني يمكن ملاحظته وقياسه وتقديره إلا أن هناك سلوكيات لا يمكن
ملاحظتها مباشرة كالتفكير أو الأحلام أو التذكر ولكننا ندرسها من خلال آثارها .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;مثل : ـ&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;دراسة الكهرباء التي لا
نلاحظها أو نراها ندرسها من خلال نتائجها .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;** متى وكيف أصبح علم النفس علما ؟&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;* ترجع الجذور التاريخية لعلم النفس لامتداد تاريخ
الإنسان وتفسيراته المختلفة لسلوكه سواء خرافية أو واقعية ، سليمة أو خاطئة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;* ويمكن تحديد بدايات علم النفس بكتابات وإسهامات
الفلاسفة اليونانيين ( أفلاطون و ارسطو ) ، وإسهامات الفلاسفة المختلفة في العصور
التي تلتهم حتى ظهوره مع بداية القرن التاسع عشر على يد العالم الألماني &quot;
فونت &quot; الذي أنشأ أول معمل تجريبي في علم النفس في جامعة ليبزج في ألمانيا
عام 1879 ، وقد تتلمذ على يديه العديد من العلماء الأوروبيين والأمريكان .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;شروط قيام العلم ومدى توافرها في علم
النفس : ـ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;الظاهرة : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;أي وجود
ظواهر قابلة للملاحظة والقياس والتحقق منها بالرجوع للواقع الخارجي ، كالسلوك في
علم النفس .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;العلماء : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;وهم الأشخاص
المؤهلين والمدربين لدراسة الظواهر مثل علماء النفس .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;الدوريات والمجلات العلمية : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;التي تنشر
فيها بحوث ونتائج العلماء التي تساعدهم على التواصل العلمي مثل مجلة علم النفس .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;الجمعيات العلمية : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;التي ترعى
التخصص وتنمية مثل الجمعية المصرية للطب النفسى .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;font face=&quot;Arial Black&quot; size=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Bader;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;المنهج : ـ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: AdvertisingBold;&quot; lang=&quot;AR-EG&quot;&gt;وهو الطريقة التي يعتمد عليها الباحث في دراسة
الظواهر ويجب أن يتسم بالموضوعية مثل المنهج التجريبى – المنهج شبه التجريبى &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content:encoded>
			<link>https://meetrady.ucoz.com/blog/2010-07-07-1</link>
			<category>علم النفس</category>
			<dc:creator>عبدالحليم</dc:creator>
			<guid>https://meetrady.ucoz.com/blog/2010-07-07-1</guid>
			<pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2010 16:24:39 GMT</pubDate>
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